Soil carbon release along a gradient of physical disturbance in a harvested northern hardwood forest

Changes in soil respiration associated with forest harvest could increase net loss of CO₂ to the atmosphere relative to pre-harvest values. By excavating quantitative soil pits across a gradient of physical disturbance in a harvested northern hardwood forest, this study examines C release from mineral soil. Mineral soil samples were analyzed for pH, percent organic matter (%OM), C and N concentration, δ¹³C, and total C per unit area. Results show a relationship between degree of disturbance and C concentration in soil 10-30 cm beneath the O-horizon. Highly disturbed sites show C depletion, with horizons from disturbed sites containing 25% less total C than the least disturbed sites. δ¹³C signatures of soil profiles at these sites show vertical mixing of plant-derived material into deeper mineral horizons. Mixing, as a result of physical disturbance, could have led to the observed C depletion by physical or chemical destabilization, or through the promotion of microbial respiration in deep mineral soil. Regardless of the mechanism, these results suggest elevated CO₂ emissions from soil following harvest, and, thus, have implications for the validity of wood biomass as a carbon neutral energy source.     

Gross N transformations were little affected by 4 years of simulated N and S depositions in an aspen-white spruce dominated boreal forest in Alberta, Canada

The effects of 4 years of simulated nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) depositions on gross N transformations in a boreal forest soil in the Athabasca oil sands region (AOSR) in Alberta, Canada, were investigated using the ¹⁵N pool dilution method. Gross NH₄⁺ transformation rates in the organic layer tended to decline (P < 0.10, marginal statistical significance, same below) in the order of control (CK, i.e., no N or S addition), +N (30 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), +S (30 kg S ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), and +NS treatments, with an opposite trend in the mineral soil. Gross NH₄⁺ immobilization rates were generally higher than gross N mineralization rates across the treatments, suggesting that the studied soil still had potential for microbial immobilization of NH₄⁺, even after 4 years of elevated levels of simulated N and S depositions. For both soil layers, N addition tended to increase (P < 0.10) the gross nitrification and NO₃⁻ immobilization rates. In contrast, S addition reduced (P < 0.001) and increased (P < 0.001) gross nitrification as well as tended (P < 0.10) to reduce and increase gross NO₃⁻ immobilization rates in the organic and mineral soils, respectively. Gross nitrification and gross NO₃⁻ immobilization rates were tightly coupled in both soil layers. The combination of rapid NH₄⁺ cycling, negligible net nitrification rates and the small NO₃⁻ pool size after 4 years of elevated N and S depositions observed here suggest that the risk of NO₃⁻ leaching would be low in the studied boreal forest soil, consistent with N leaching measurements in other concurrent studies at the site that are reported elsewhere.     

乐昌含笑人工林培肥土壤与涵养水源功能分析

以杉木人工林为对照,采用标准地法分析了10年生乐昌含笑人工林土壤的理化性质、林下植被生物量及凋落物现存量、林分涵养水源的功能。发现乐昌含笑人工林表层土壤水稳性团聚体含量比杉木人工林增加3.80%,非毛管孔隙和总孔隙分别比杉木人工林高4.84%和7.46%,林地凋落物质量的(F+H)/L的比值为0.45,高于杉木纯林的0.21,乐昌含笑0～20 cm土层有机质、全N、全P分别比杉木纯林增加19.07%、13.67%和3.42%,水解性N、速效P、速效K分别增加3.64%、6.17%和11.01%,地上部分最大持水量达10.26 t/hm2,高于杉木人工林的9.02 t/hm2。     

中度火干扰对白桦落叶松混交林土壤理化性质的影响

应用空间代替时间的方法对大兴安岭林区白桦落叶松混交林1982-2007年的中度火烧迹地土壤理化性质变化进行研究.结果表明:火后土壤密度增加,土壤孔隙度和土壤含水率降低,但是变化幅度将随着时间的推移逐渐缩小,并在火烧后第20年将接近火烧前水平;火烧后A层和B层土壤有机质均呈降低趋势,A层的降幅逐渐缩小直到火烧后20年比火烧前水平大幅增加;火后土壤A层和B层全磷含量均呈增加趋势,土壤全氮在A层基本也呈增加趋势,B层随火后时间呈波动变化,无明显规律;土壤有效磷含量变化星先降低后增加的趋势;A层土壤速效钾含量的变化基本呈增加趋势,但随时间增加幅度减小,而B层的变化无规律;A层土壤水解氮含量变化呈增加趋势,而B层的变化则与速效钾在B层的变化相似,无明显规律.此研究旨在找出火烧后随时间的推移土壤理化性质的动态变化规律,为火烧迹地的改造和生态恢复提供科学依据.     

接种AM菌对麻楝不同种源苗期的生长效应

研究接种3个AM菌株对5个种源麻楝幼苗生长的影响,结果表明:菌株90068×种源CH01菌根感染率为96.3%,感染率分级为5,菌根依赖性中等;菌株90068×种源CH27在生长生物量方面作用显著;麻楝幼苗接种5至6个月后,菌株90068×种源CH01生长促进作用显著增强;矿质元素吸收方面,菌株90068×种源CH13对磷元素的吸收显著高于其他接种处理.此外,菌株90036与菌株9004在接种后幼苗测定的各项指标中表现各有优劣.其中菌根合成、生物量和苗高增长方面,菌株9004优于菌株90036;而对于矿质元素的吸收,菌株90036要优于菌株9004.综合比较而言,供试菌株90068表现较优,为对5个种源麻楝幼苗生长效应最佳的菌株.     

不同密度华北落叶松人工林土壤理化性质研究

以河北省木兰围场国有林场管理局北沟林场内5种不同密度的华北落叶松人工林为对象,研究林分密度对土壤理化性质的影响,结果发现:林分密度不同程度地影响土壤理化性质。当株数密度为660株/hm2时,土壤的质量含水量、全N及全K含量均保持在一个相对较高的水平;当株数密度从740株/hm2增加到2 000株/hm2时,0～20cm土层的土壤密度先减小后增大,而土壤质量含水量、土壤有机质和全N含量表现出相反的趋势;20～60cm土层的土壤密度与0～20cm土层的变化情况相同,而土壤质量含水量和土壤速效K含量则持续降低,土壤有效P含量呈现出增大趋势;当株数密度达到2 000株/hm2以上时,林地土壤的pH值降低,呈现明显的酸化趋势。过大的林分密度可能导致华北落叶松人工林地土壤酸化与土壤水分、有机质、N和K元素的加速消耗。从维持林地土壤健康的角度,建议将华北落叶松人工林地的林分密度控制在1 500株/hm2左右并且不能超过2 000株/hm2。     

北京市森林分布与组成结构分析

对北京市森林的分布和组成结构进行客观分析,针对北京市的森林资源分布不均、林分纯林多、结构不合理、生物多样性单一、中幼林比重大的特点,对森林结构进行优化调整提出建议。     

吉林省西部不同土壤种类文冠果栽培试验初报

以内蒙古翁牛特旗种源的文冠果为材料,在吉林省西部前郭县和长岭县的不同土壤条件下进行引种栽培试验.初步研究结果表明:风沙土、栗钙土是最适宜栽培和发展文冠果的土壤种类,含盐量小于0.2%的轻度盐碱地亦可以栽植;含盐量大于0.2%的土壤应谨慎选用,中、重度盐碱土不能栽种文冠果.     

杉木多世代育种在黔东南东风林场的实践

介绍了黎平县国营东风林场作为国家级林木良种繁育中心基地之一,在杉木遗传改良领域取得的成果众多,先后营建了杉木初级种子园、第一代改良种子园和二代种子园,目前正在向更高世代种子园迈进。     

Effects of rainwater harvesting on herbage diversity and productivity in degraded Aravalli hills in western India

Over-exploitation and rural growth have severely damaged native vegetations of Aravalli hills in Rajasthan, India. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different restoration practices (i.e., rainwater harvesting (RWH) and planting of tree seedlings) on improve- ment in soil water and nutrients and growth and biomass of herbaceous vegetation. Contour trench (CT), Gradonie (G), Box trench (BT), V-ditch (VD) and a control were imposed on 75 plots (each of 700 m 2 ) in natural slope gradient defined as <10%, 10% 20% and >20% slopes in 2005. Each plot had three micro-sites of 1-m 2 at up (USP), middle (MSP) and lower (LSP) part of the plot for observation in 2008. The existed gradient (due to soil texture and topographic features) of soil pH, EC, SOC, NH 4 - N, NO 3 -N and PO 4 -P in June 2005 between >20% to <10% slopes were decreased in 2008 after applying RWH techniques. Such improvement in soil status promoted vegetation growth and biomass in higher slope gra- dients. Soil water, species diversity and herbage biomass increased from USP to LSP, and RWH techniques had positive role in improving SOC, nutrients, vegetation population, evenness and growth at MSP. Despite of lowest SWC, regular rain and greater soil water usage enhanced green and dry herbage biomasses in 10% 20% and >20% slopes, compared with <10% slope. The highest diversity in CT treatment was related to herbage biomass, which was enhanced further by highest concentrations of SOC and PO 4 -P. Further, CT treatment was found to be the best treat- ment in minimizing biomass variance in different slopes. Conclusively, soil texture and topographic features controlled soil water and nutrients availability. Rainwater harvesting techniques increased soil water storage and nutrient retention and also enhanced vegetation status and biomass by minimizing the effects of hillslopes. Thus depending upon the site conditions, suitable RWH technique could be adopted to increase herb- age biomass while rehabilitating the degraded hills.